CVE List - 2015 / June

Showing 1 - 100 of 495 CVEs for June 2015 (Page 1 of 5)

CVE ID Date Title
CVE-2015-0212 2015-06-01 Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in course/pending.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.7, 2.7.x before 2.7.4, and 2.8.x before 2.8.2 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or...
CVE-2015-0213 2015-06-01 Multiple cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities in (1) editcategories.html and (2) editcategories.php in the Glossary module in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.7, 2.7.x before 2.7.4, and 2.8.x before 2.8.2...
CVE-2015-0214 2015-06-01 message/externallib.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.7, 2.7.x before 2.7.4, and 2.8.x before 2.8.2 allows remote authenticated users to bypass a messaging-disabled setting via a web-services request, as demonstrated...
CVE-2015-0215 2015-06-01 calendar/externallib.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.7, 2.7.x before 2.7.4, and 2.8.x before 2.8.2 allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive calendar-event information via a web-services request.
CVE-2015-0216 2015-06-01 access.php in the Lesson module in Moodle 2.8.x before 2.8.2 does not set the RISK_XSS bit for graders, which allows remote authenticated users to conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via...
CVE-2015-0217 2015-06-01 filter/mediaplugin/filter.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.7, 2.7.x before 2.7.4, and 2.8.x before 2.8.2 allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (CPU consumption or partial outage)...
CVE-2015-0218 2015-06-01 Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in auth/shibboleth/logout.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.7, 2.7.x before 2.7.4, and 2.8.x before 2.8.2 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary...
CVE-2015-1493 2015-06-01 Directory traversal vulnerability in the min_get_slash_argument function in lib/configonlylib.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.8, 2.7.x before 2.7.5, and 2.8.x before 2.8.3 allows remote authenticated users to read arbitrary...
CVE-2015-2266 2015-06-01 message/index.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.9, 2.7.x before 2.7.6, and 2.8.x before 2.8.4 does not consider the moodle/site:readallmessages capability before accessing arbitrary conversations, which allows remote authenticated users...
CVE-2015-2267 2015-06-01 mdeploy.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.9, 2.7.x before 2.7.6, and 2.8.x before 2.8.4 allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended access restrictions and extract archives to arbitrary directories...
CVE-2015-2268 2015-06-01 filter/urltolink/filter.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.9, 2.7.x before 2.7.6, and 2.8.x before 2.8.4 allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (CPU consumption or partial outage)...
CVE-2015-2269 2015-06-01 Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in lib/javascript-static.js in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.9, 2.7.x before 2.7.6, and 2.8.x before 2.8.4 allow remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script...
CVE-2015-2270 2015-06-01 lib/moodlelib.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.9, 2.7.x before 2.7.6, and 2.8.x before 2.8.4, when the theme uses the blocks-regions feature, establishes the course state at an incorrect point...
CVE-2015-2271 2015-06-01 tag/user.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.9, 2.7.x before 2.7.6, and 2.8.x before 2.8.4 does not consider the moodle/tag:flag capability before proceeding with a flaginappropriate action, which allows remote...
CVE-2015-2272 2015-06-01 login/token.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.9, 2.7.x before 2.7.6, and 2.8.x before 2.8.4 allows remote authenticated users to bypass a forced-password-change requirement by creating a web-services token.
CVE-2015-2273 2015-06-01 Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in mod/quiz/report/statistics/statistics_question_table.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.9, 2.7.x before 2.7.6, and 2.8.x before 2.8.4 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or...
CVE-2015-3174 2015-06-01 mod/quiz/db/access.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.11, 2.7.x before 2.7.8, and 2.8.x before 2.8.6 does not set the RISK_XSS bit for graders, which allows remote authenticated users to conduct...
CVE-2015-3175 2015-06-01 Multiple open redirect vulnerabilities in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.11, 2.7.x before 2.7.8, and 2.8.x before 2.8.6 allow remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct...
CVE-2015-3176 2015-06-01 The account-confirmation feature in login/confirm.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.11, 2.7.x before 2.7.8, and 2.8.x before 2.8.6 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive full-name information by attempting to...
CVE-2015-3177 2015-06-01 Moodle 2.8.x before 2.8.6 does not consider the tool/monitor:subscribe capability before entering subscriptions to site-wide event-monitor rules, which allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive information via a subscription request.
CVE-2015-3178 2015-06-01 Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the external_format_text function in lib/externallib.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.11, 2.7.x before 2.7.8, and 2.8.x before 2.8.6 allows remote authenticated users to inject...
CVE-2015-3179 2015-06-01 login/confirm.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.11, 2.7.x before 2.7.8, and 2.8.x before 2.8.6 allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended login restrictions by leveraging access to an unconfirmed...
CVE-2015-3180 2015-06-01 lib/navigationlib.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.11, 2.7.x before 2.7.8, and 2.8.x before 2.8.6 allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive course-structure information by leveraging access to a student...
CVE-2015-3181 2015-06-01 files/externallib.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.11, 2.7.x before 2.7.8, and 2.8.x before 2.8.6 does not consider the moodle/user:manageownfiles capability before approving a private-file upload, which allows remote authenticated...
CVE-2014-0999 2015-06-02 Sendio before 7.2.4 includes the session identifier in URLs in emails, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information and hijack sessions by reading the jsessionid parameter in the Referrer...
CVE-2014-8391 2015-06-02 The Web interface in Sendio before 7.2.4 does not properly handle sessions, which allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive information from other users' sessions via a large number of...
CVE-2015-0759 2015-06-02 Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Cisco Headend Digital Broadband Delivery System allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users.
CVE-2015-0850 2015-06-02 The Git plugin for FusionForge before 6.0rc4 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via an unspecified parameter when creating a secondary Git repository.
CVE-2015-1945 2015-06-02 Unspecified vulnerability in the Reference Data Management component in IBM InfoSphere Master Data Management 10.1, 11.0, 11.3 before FP3, and 11.4 allows remote authenticated users to gain privileges via unknown...
CVE-2015-2278 2015-06-02 The LZH decompression implementation (CsObjectInt::BuildHufTree function in vpa108csulzh.cpp) in SAP MaxDB 7.5 and 7.6, Netweaver Application Server ABAP, Netweaver Application Server Java, Netweaver RFC SDK, GUI, RFC SDK, SAPCAR archive...
CVE-2015-2282 2015-06-02 Stack-based buffer overflow in the LZC decompression implementation (CsObjectInt::CsDecomprLZC function in vpa106cslzc.cpp) in SAP MaxDB 7.5 and 7.6, Netweaver Application Server ABAP, Netweaver Application Server Java, Netweaver RFC SDK, GUI,...
CVE-2015-2944 2015-06-02 Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Apache Sling API before 2.2.2 and Apache Sling Servlets Post before 2.1.2 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the...
CVE-2015-3982 2015-06-02 The session.flush function in the cached_db backend in Django 1.8.x before 1.8.2 does not properly flush the session, which allows remote attackers to hijack user sessions via an empty string...
CVE-2015-4050 2015-06-02 FragmentListener in the HttpKernel component in Symfony 2.3.19 through 2.3.28, 2.4.9 through 2.4.10, 2.5.4 through 2.5.11, and 2.6.0 through 2.6.7, when ESI or SSI support enabled, does not check if...
CVE-2015-4094 2015-06-02 The Thycotic Password Manager Secret Server application through 2.3 for iOS does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information...
CVE-2015-4155 2015-06-02 GNU Parallel before 20150422, when using (1) --pipe, (2) --tmux, (3) --cat, (4) --fifo, or (5) --compress, allows local users to write to arbitrary files via a symlink attack on...
CVE-2015-4156 2015-06-02 GNU Parallel before 20150522 (Nepal), when using (1) --cat or (2) --fifo with --sshlogin, allows local users to write to arbitrary files via a symlink attack on a temporary file.
CVE-2015-4157 2015-06-02 SAP Content Server allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (service termination) via unspecified vectors, aka SAP Security Note 2127995.
CVE-2015-4158 2015-06-02 SAP ABAP & Java Server allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (service termination) via unspecified vectors, aka SAP Security Note 2121661.
CVE-2015-4159 2015-06-02 SQL injection vulnerability in SAP HANA Web-based Development Workbench allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via unspecified vectors, aka SAP Security Notes 2153892.
CVE-2015-4160 2015-06-02 SQL injection vulnerability in SAP ASE Database Platform allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via unspecified vectors, aka SAP Security Notes: 2152278.
CVE-2015-4161 2015-06-02 SAP Afaria does not properly restrict access to unspecified functionality, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information, gain privileges, or have other unspecified impact via unknown vectors, SAP Security...
CVE-2015-4162 2015-06-02 XML external entity (XXE) vulnerability in the management interface in PAN-OS before 5.0.16, 6.x before 6.0.8, and 6.1.x before 6.1.4 allows remote authenticated administrators to obtain sensitive information via crafted...
CVE-2014-9721 2015-06-03 libzmq before 4.0.6 and 4.1.x before 4.1.1 allows remote attackers to conduct downgrade attacks and bypass ZMTP v3 protocol security mechanisms via a ZMTP v2 or earlier header.
CVE-2015-0263 2015-06-03 XML external entity (XXE) vulnerability in the XML converter setup in converter/jaxp/XmlConverter.java in Apache Camel before 2.13.4 and 2.14.x before 2.14.2 allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files via an...
CVE-2015-0264 2015-06-03 Multiple XML external entity (XXE) vulnerabilities in builder/xml/XPathBuilder.java in Apache Camel before 2.13.4 and 2.14.x before 2.14.2 allow remote attackers to read arbitrary files via an external entity in an...
CVE-2015-4038 2015-06-03 The WP Membership plugin 1.2.3 for WordPress allows remote authenticated users to gain administrator privileges via an iv_membership_update_user_settings action to wp-admin/admin-ajax.php.
CVE-2015-4103 2015-06-03 Xen 3.3.x through 4.5.x does not properly restrict write access to the host MSI message data field, which allows local x86 HVM guest administrators to cause a denial of service...
CVE-2015-4104 2015-06-03 Xen 3.3.x through 4.5.x does not properly restrict access to PCI MSI mask bits, which allows local x86 HVM guest users to cause a denial of service (unexpected interrupt and...
CVE-2015-4105 2015-06-03 Xen 3.3.x through 4.5.x enables logging for PCI MSI-X pass-through error messages, which allows local x86 HVM guests to cause a denial of service (host disk consumption) via certain invalid...
CVE-2015-4106 2015-06-03 QEMU does not properly restrict write access to the PCI config space for certain PCI pass-through devices, which might allow local x86 HVM guests to gain privileges, cause a denial...
CVE-2015-0760 2015-06-04 The IKEv1 implementation in Cisco ASA Software 7.x, 8.0.x, 8.1.x, and 8.2.x before 8.2.2.13 allows remote authenticated users to bypass XAUTH authentication via crafted IKEv1 packets, aka Bug ID CSCus47259.
CVE-2015-0761 2015-06-04 Cisco AnyConnect Secure Mobility Client before 3.1(8009) and 4.x before 4.0(2052) on Linux does not properly implement unspecified internal functions, which allows local users to obtain root privileges via crafted...
CVE-2015-0762 2015-06-04 Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the management interface in Cisco Unified MeetingPlace 8.6(1.2) and 8.6(1.9) for Microsoft Outlook allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a...
CVE-2015-0763 2015-06-04 Cisco Unified MeetingPlace 8.6(1.2) does not properly validate session IDs in http URLs, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive session information via a crafted URL, aka Bug ID CSCuu60338.
CVE-2015-0764 2015-06-04 Cisco Unified MeetingPlace 8.6(1.9) allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files via a crafted resource request, aka Bug ID CSCus95603.
CVE-2015-0765 2015-06-04 Cisco ONS 15454 System Software 10.30 and 10.301 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (tNetTask CPU consumption or card reset) via a flood of (1) IP or...
CVE-2015-0766 2015-06-04 Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the administrative web interface in the Management Center component in Cisco FireSIGHT System Software 6.0.0 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or...
CVE-2014-9201 2015-06-05 Beckwith Electric M-6200 Digital Voltage Regulator Control with firmware before D-0198V04.07.00, M-6200A Digital Voltage Regulator Control with firmware before D-0228V02.01.07, M-2001D Digital Tapchanger Control with firmware before D-0214V01.10.04, M-6283A Three...
CVE-2015-0541 2015-06-05 Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in EMC RSA Web Threat Detection before 5.1 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users.
CVE-2015-1000 2015-06-05 Stack-based buffer overflow in the OpenForIPCamTest method in the RTSPVIDEO.rtspvideoCtrl.1 (aka SStreamVideo) ActiveX control in Moxa SoftCMS before 1.3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via the StrRtspPath parameter.
CVE-2015-2124 2015-06-05 Unspecified vulnerability in Easy Setup Wizard in HP ThinPro Linux 4.1 through 5.1 and Smart Zero Core 4.3 and 4.4 allows local users to bypass intended access restrictions and gain...
CVE-2015-2950 2015-06-05 Directory traversal vulnerability in the Brandon Bowles Open Explorer application before 0.254 Beta for Android allows remote attackers to write to arbitrary files via a crafted filename.
CVE-2015-2951 2015-06-05 JWT.php in F21 JWT before 2.0 allows remote attackers to bypass signature verification via crafted tokens.
CVE-2015-3950 2015-06-05 Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in XZERES 442SR OS on 442SR wind turbines allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of admins for requests that select a different default admin...
CVE-2014-6175 2015-06-07 Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in IBM Marketing Operations 7.x and 8.x before 8.5.0.7.2, 8.6.x before 8.6.0.8, 9.0.x before 9.0.0.4.1, 9.1.0.x before 9.1.0.5, and 9.1.1.x before 9.1.1.2 allows remote authenticated users...
CVE-2014-6222 2015-06-07 Directory traversal vulnerability in IBM Marketing Operations 7.x and 8.x before 8.5.0.7.2, 8.6.x before 8.6.0.8, 9.0.x before 9.0.0.4.1, 9.1.0.x before 9.1.0.5, and 9.1.1.x before 9.1.1.2 allows remote authenticated users to...
CVE-2014-8887 2015-06-07 IBM Marketing Operations 7.x and 8.x before 8.5.0.7.2, 8.6.x before 8.6.0.8, 9.0.x before 9.0.0.4.1, 9.1.0.x before 9.1.0.5, and 9.1.1.x before 9.1.1.2 allows remote authenticated users to upload arbitrary GIFAR files,...
CVE-2015-0112 2015-06-07 Jazz Team Server in Jazz Foundation in IBM Rational Collaborative Lifecycle Management (CLM) 3.0.1, 4.x before 4.0.7 IF5, and 5.x before 5.0.2 IF4; Rational Quality Manager (RQM) 2.0 through 2.0.1,...
CVE-2015-0767 2015-06-07 Cisco Edge 300 software 1.0 and 1.1 on Edge 340 devices allows local users to obtain root privileges via unspecified commands, aka Bug ID CSCur18132.
CVE-2015-0770 2015-06-07 CRLF injection vulnerability in Cisco TelePresence TC 6.x before 6.3.4 and 7.x before 7.3.3 on Integrator C SX20 devices allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary HTTP headers and conduct HTTP...
CVE-2015-2125 2015-06-07 Unspecified vulnerability in HP WebInspect 7.x through 10.4 before 10.4 update 1 allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended access restrictions via unknown vectors.
CVE-2010-5323 2015-06-07 Directory traversal vulnerability in UploadServlet in the Remote Management component in Novell ZENworks Configuration Management (ZCM) 10 before 10.3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted WAR...
CVE-2010-5324 2015-06-07 Directory traversal vulnerability in UploadServlet in the Remote Management component in Novell ZENworks Configuration Management (ZCM) 10 before 10.3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a zenworks-fileupload request...
CVE-2014-0230 2015-06-07 Apache Tomcat 6.x before 6.0.44, 7.x before 7.0.55, and 8.x before 8.0.9 does not properly handle cases where an HTTP response occurs before finishing the reading of an entire request...
CVE-2014-7810 2015-06-07 The Expression Language (EL) implementation in Apache Tomcat 6.x before 6.0.44, 7.x before 7.0.58, and 8.x before 8.0.16 does not properly consider the possibility of an accessible interface implemented by...
CVE-2015-0779 2015-06-07 Directory traversal vulnerability in UploadServlet in Novell ZENworks Configuration Management (ZCM) 10 and 11 before 11.3.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted directory name in the...
CVE-2015-4001 2015-06-07 Integer signedness error in the oz_hcd_get_desc_cnf function in drivers/staging/ozwpan/ozhcd.c in the OZWPAN driver in the Linux kernel through 4.0.5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (system crash)...
CVE-2015-4002 2015-06-07 drivers/staging/ozwpan/ozusbsvc1.c in the OZWPAN driver in the Linux kernel through 4.0.5 does not ensure that certain length values are sufficiently large, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of...
CVE-2015-4003 2015-06-07 The oz_usb_handle_ep_data function in drivers/staging/ozwpan/ozusbsvc1.c in the OZWPAN driver in the Linux kernel through 4.0.5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (divide-by-zero error and system crash) via...
CVE-2015-4004 2015-06-07 The OZWPAN driver in the Linux kernel through 4.0.5 relies on an untrusted length field during packet parsing, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information from kernel memory or...
CVE-2014-6284 2015-06-08 SAP Adaptive Server Enterprise (ASE) before 15.7 SP132 and 16.0 before 16.0 SP01 allows remote attackers to bypass the challenge and response mechanism and obtain access to the probe account...
CVE-2015-2993 2015-06-08 SysAid Help Desk before 15.2 does not properly restrict access to certain functionality, which allows remote attackers to (1) create administrator accounts via a crafted request to /createnewaccount or (2)...
CVE-2015-2994 2015-06-08 Unrestricted file upload vulnerability in ChangePhoto.jsp in SysAid Help Desk before 15.2 allows remote administrators to execute arbitrary code by uploading a file with a .jsp extension, then accessing it...
CVE-2015-2995 2015-06-08 The RdsLogsEntry servlet in SysAid Help Desk before 15.2 does not properly check file extensions, which allows remote attackers to upload and execute arbitrary files via a NULL byte after...
CVE-2015-2996 2015-06-08 Multiple directory traversal vulnerabilities in SysAid Help Desk before 15.2 allow remote attackers to (1) read arbitrary files via a .. (dot dot) in the fileName parameter to getGfiUpgradeFile or...
CVE-2015-2997 2015-06-08 SysAid Help Desk before 15.2 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information via an invalid value in the accountid parameter to getAgentLogFile, as demonstrated by a large directory traversal sequence,...
CVE-2015-2998 2015-06-08 SysAid Help Desk before 15.2 uses a hardcoded encryption key, which makes it easier for remote attackers to obtain sensitive information, as demonstrated by decrypting the database password in WEB-INF/conf/serverConf.xml.
CVE-2015-2999 2015-06-08 Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in SysAid Help Desk before 15.2 allow remote administrators to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the (1) groupFilter parameter in an AssetDetails report to /genericreport, customSQL...
CVE-2015-3000 2015-06-08 SysAid Help Desk before 15.2 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (CPU and memory consumption) via a large number of nested entity references in an XML document...
CVE-2015-3001 2015-06-08 SysAid Help Desk before 15.2 uses a hardcoded password of Password1 for the sa SQL Server Express user account, which allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended access restrictions by...
CVE-2015-3201 2015-06-08 Thermostat before 2.0.0 uses world-readable permissions for the web.xml configuration file, which allows local users to obtain user credentials by reading the file.
CVE-2015-3905 2015-06-08 Buffer overflow in the set_cs_start function in t1disasm.c in t1utils before 1.39 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) and possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted...
CVE-2015-4051 2015-06-08 Beckhoff IPC Diagnostics before 1.8 does not properly restrict access to functions in /config, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (reboot or shutdown), create arbitrary users,...
CVE-2015-4053 2015-06-08 The admin command in ceph-deploy before 1.5.25 uses world-readable permissions for /etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information by reading the file.
CVE-2014-9284 2015-06-09 The Buffalo WHR-1166DHP 1.60 and earlier, WSR-600DHP 1.60 and earlier, WHR-600D 1.60 and earlier, WHR-300HP2 1.60 and earlier, WMR-300 1.60 and earlier, WEX-300 1.60 and earlier, and BHR-4GRV2 1.04 and...
CVE-2015-2959 2015-06-09 Zoho NetFlow Analyzer build 10250 and earlier does not check for administrative authorization, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information, modify passwords, or remove accounts by leveraging the guest...
CVE-2015-2960 2015-06-09 Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Zoho NetFlow Analyzer build 10250 and earlier allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.
CVE-2015-2961 2015-06-09 Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Zoho NetFlow Analyzer build 10250 and earlier allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators.
CVE-2015-4418 2015-06-09 Zoho NetFlow Analyzer build 10250 and earlier does not have an off autocomplete attribute for a password field, which makes it easier for remote attackers to obtain access by leveraging...